Vikings were Norse seafarers from Scandinavia (modern-day Norway, Sweden, and Denmark) who raided, traded, and settled in other parts of Europe from around 793 to 1066 CE. They were skilled sailors and warriors known for their longships, exploration, and impact on medieval Europe.

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The Renaissance was a period of European history from roughly the 14th to 17th centuries when people renewed interest in ancient Greek and Roman learning and made major advances in art, science, and literature. It marked a shift from the medieval period to the modern world.

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The Berlin Wall was built in 1961 by East Germany to stop people from fleeing to West Berlin, and it was torn down in 1989 when the Cold War ended and East Germany's government collapsed.

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The Industrial Revolution was a period of major human advancement that began in Britain around 1760 and spread worldwide, where societies shifted from farming-based economies to manufacturing and factory-based economies powered by new machines and steam power. This transformation changed how people worked, lived, and produced goods.

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The American Civil Rights Movement was a social and political struggle from the 1950s to 1960s in which African Americans and their allies fought against racial segregation and discrimination to gain equal rights and opportunities. The movement used nonviolent protests, legal action, and activism to achieve major changes in American laws and society.

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