Meteorologists detect and track tornadoes using Doppler radar, which shows rotating wind patterns in storm clouds, and by receiving reports from trained spotters and the public. They also use weather satellites and lightning detection systems to monitor severe storm development.

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A supernova is an extremely bright and powerful explosion of a star that occurs when certain stars reach the end of their lives. It can briefly outshine an entire galaxy and radiate more energy than our Sun will in its entire lifetime.

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The deepest part of the ocean is the Mariana Trench in the western Pacific Ocean, which reaches a depth of approximately 36,070 feet (10,994 meters) at its lowest point called Challenger Deep.

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The North Pole is the northernmost point on Earth, located at 90 degrees north latitude. At this location, there is sea ice floating on the Arctic Ocean, not land.

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Birds navigate during migration using multiple internal and external cues, including the Earth's magnetic field, the position of the sun and stars, landmarks, and their inherited instincts. Different bird species rely on different combinations of these navigation methods.

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