Plain text achieves high portability because it uses only basic characters that every computer and device can read, without requiring special software or formatting information. Since plain text files contain no hidden instructions or special encoding, they work the same way across all operating systems, programs, and platforms.

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Plain text became a computing standard gradually starting in the 1960s and 1970s, with ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) established in 1963 as the foundational plain text format. Plain text became widely standardized across different computer systems by the 1980s as a universal way to store and exchange text without special formatting.

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The first USB standard, USB 1.0, was released in January 1996. It was developed by a group of companies including Intel, Microsoft, and Compaq to create a universal way for computers and devices to connect.

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An Ethernet controller chip manages the sending and receiving of data between a computer and a network using Ethernet cables. It converts data from the computer into signals that travel through the network and converts incoming signals back into data the computer can use.

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USB 3.2 is the latest USB standard that offers faster data transfer speeds up to 20 Gbps, improved power delivery, and better compatibility with various devices. It builds on previous USB standards with enhanced performance and efficiency.

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