Surface Composition
Clay courts are made from crushed stone, brick, and clay materials packed together. Hard courts are constructed from solid concrete or asphalt, often with an acrylic coating on top. The different materials create very different playing conditions for tennis players.
How the Ball Moves
On clay courts, the ball moves slower because it sinks slightly into the soft surface and loses energy. The ball also bounces lower off the ground. On hard courts, the ball travels faster because it bounces off a firm, solid surface with less energy loss. The ball bounces higher and travels farther with the same hit.
Playing Style Differences
Clay courts favor players who like long rallies and baseline play because the slower ball gives players more time to hit shots. Players slide on clay courts to reach the ball, which allows them to change direction smoothly. Hard courts favor aggressive players who hit fast serves and quick shots. Players must stop quickly on hard courts since sliding is less effective and can cause injury.
Wear and Maintenance
Clay courts require regular maintenance, including daily rolling and watering to keep the surface in good condition. Hard courts need less frequent maintenance but can crack over time in extreme weather. Hard courts are more durable overall but harder on players' joints and muscles.
Famous Tournaments
The French Open is played on clay courts in Paris. Wimbledon and the Australian Open use hard courts, as does the US Open. Different player types tend to perform better on different surface types based on their playing style and physical abilities. 
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