What is Breast Cancer
Breast cancer starts when cells in the breast begin to grow uncontrollably. The breast is made up of different types of tissue, and cancer can develop in the milk ducts, milk glands, or the fatty tissue. As cancer cells grow, they can spread to nearby lymph nodes and other parts of the body. Different types of breast cancer grow at different rates and respond differently to treatment.
Diagnostic Tests and Procedures
Doctors use several methods to diagnose breast cancer. A mammogram is an X-ray image of the breast that can show tumors or abnormal areas. Ultrasound uses sound waves to create images and helps determine if a lump is solid or filled with fluid. MRI scans use magnetic fields to take detailed pictures of breast tissue. If an abnormality is found, a biopsy may be performed, where a small sample of tissue is removed and examined under a microscope to check for cancer cells.
Physical Examination
A clinical breast exam is when a doctor or nurse feels the breast and underarm area to check for lumps or other changes. Patients may also perform self-exams at home to become familiar with how their breasts normally look and feel. Any new lumps, dimpling, discharge from the nipple, or skin changes should be reported to a doctor promptly.
Screening vs. Diagnosis
Breast cancer screening involves testing women without symptoms to detect cancer early. Mammography is the main screening tool recommended for women starting at age 40 or 50, depending on guidelines. Diagnosis occurs when someone has symptoms or screening results suggest cancer, and tests are done to confirm whether cancer is actually present.
Risk Factors
Several factors increase the risk of developing breast cancer, including age, family history, genetic mutations like BRCA1 and BRCA2, obesity, hormone use, and alcohol consumption. Having risk factors does not mean a person will definitely get breast cancer. A healthcare provider can assess individual risk and recommend appropriate screening schedules. 
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