Basic Requirements
Before applying to become a firefighter, you must meet basic eligibility requirements. You need to be at least 18 years old and have a high school diploma or GED. You must have a valid driver's license and pass a background check, which includes reviewing your criminal history and driving record. Most departments also require U.S. citizenship or permanent residency.
Written and Physical Exams
Applicants must pass a written exam that tests reading comprehension, math, mechanical reasoning, and situational judgment. The physical ability test, called the Candidate Physical Ability Test (CPAT), includes timed exercises like climbing stairs with weight, dragging dummies, and operating equipment. These tests measure the strength and endurance needed for firefighting work.
Fire Academy Training
After passing initial exams, recruits attend a fire academy, usually lasting 12 to 18 weeks. At the academy, trainees learn fire behavior, building construction, hazardous materials handling, rescue techniques, and emergency medical response. They practice using equipment like hoses, ladders, and axes. Academy training combines classroom learning with hands-on practice in realistic fire scenarios.
Certifications and Licenses
Firefighters must obtain Firefighter I and II certifications, which are recognized nationally and prove competency in core firefighting skills. Most departments also require CPR certification and Emergency Medical Technician (EMT) training, since firefighters often respond to medical emergencies. These certifications must be maintained and renewed periodically throughout a firefighter's career.
Additional Training and Evaluation
Many departments conduct interviews, medical exams, and psychological evaluations as part of the hiring process. Some require a polygraph test and reference checks. After being hired, new firefighters typically complete a probationary period of 6 months to 2 years while working under supervision and continuing on-the-job training. 
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